One of the major problems with using SOFC designs in portable equipment is how to handle the heat caused by the fuel system, which operates at temperatures of around +1,000?C. Adaptive Materials Inc of the US uses a special treatment on the reaction layer to prevent heat from escaping to the outside. Other firms, like Nano Dynamics, Inc of the US, have improved ceramic materials and cell design technologies to maintain the high output density even at temperatures as low as about +600?C.

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